Marka Qosolku Abuuro Mas'uuliyadda Sharciga Khatarta Hantida Ganacsiga
Dareenka wanaagsan ee hammiga ayaa inta badan ah riyo u leh ragga iyo dumarka. Laakiin waxa qeexaya dareenka jilicsan waa shakhsi ahaan shakhsi ahaan shakhsi ahaaneed. Maxaa laga yaabaa inay kuugu raaxaystaan inaad qof kale ku weeraraan. Iyo, marka ay timaaddo hamiqada goobta, waxa laga yaabo inaad u malayn karto inay xiiso leh, xitaa ay noqon kartaa sharci darro.
Shuruucda federaalka iyo dawlad-goboleedyada badani waxay ilaaliyaan beelaha laga tirada badan yahay, dadka naafada ah, haweenka, iyo shaqaalaha kale ee ka shaqeeya dhibaataynta, been-abuurka, iyo takoorka shaqada.
Farriin aan fiicneyn oo la doortay ama midab-ka-baxsan oo loogu talagalay in lagu jimicsado waxay sababi kartaa dhibaatooyin sharci.
Ma jiro wax sharci ah oo qeexaya qashqashaad, taas oo fududeyneysa in la fayl-gareeyo dacwad ka dhan ah loo-shaqeeye ka qayb qaata, ama aan joojin, dabeecad aan habooneyn ee goobta shaqada.
Sida laga soo xigtay Eugene Volokh, Professor of Law, Dugsiga UCLA ee Sharciga:
Hadal-celinta waxaa lagu ciqaabi karaa dhibaateynta goobta shaqada haddii: "mid daran ama qallafsan" oo ku filan ... abuur "jawi colaadeed ama xadgudub leh" oo ku saleysan jinsi, diin, jinsi, asal qaran, da ', naafanimo (oo ay ku jiraan cayilka), xubinimad milatari ama Xaaladaha, ama masruufka jinsiga, habka guurka, arimaha guurka, is-beddelka sarrifka, dhaleecaynta siyaasadda, rikoodh dembi, daaweyn maskaxeed hore, shaqo, xaaladda dhalashada, muuqaalka shakhsiyeed, "isticmaalka tubaakada shaqada dibedda, helitaanka gargaarka guud, ama masiibada aan la dabooli karin ee ciidamada; dacwad-oogaha iyo qof macquul ah.
Marka ay timaado dhibaataynta goobta shaqada - xitaa qaabka "wanaagsan" dabeecadda - "dembi la'aanta illaa laga xaqiijiyo dambiga" guud ahaan ma khuseyso. Sababtoo ah shuruucda takoorka iyo takoorka ayaa ku jira luuqad sharci oo ballaadhan, waxay ka dhigeysaa qolka khatarta ugu weyn ee loo-shaqeeyaha aan loo-shaqeeyn.
Humor waa in lagu daraa si fiican loo helo.
Laakiin jinsiga, cunsuriyadda, daacadnimada cimriga, iyo ereyada caan ah ayaa ku calaamadey shakhsiyaadka qaarkood, ama kooxo dad ah, si ka baxsan haba yaraatee waxna ka dhicin. Ma aha oo kaliya tani waa mid aan habboneyn, laakiin bandhigyo weerar ah oo qosol ah, xitaa marka aan loo sheegin qof gaar ah, waxay keeni kartaa cunaqabateyn, joojin, iyo dacwado.
Muhiimadda Sharciga ah ee ku Saabsan Qosolka Goobta Shaqada
Dernovich v City of Great Falls , Mont. Hum. Rts. Comm'n No 9401006004 (Nofeembar 28, 1995), Guddiga Xuquuqda Aadanaha ee Montana wuxuu ka heley raalli ahaanshaha qof cabasho ah oo si aan toos ahayn u khalkhal geliyey kaftanka jilicsan.
In Snell v. Suffolk County, 611 F. Supp. 521, 531-32 (EDNY 1985), loo-shaqeeye wuxuu lumiyay dacwad fara xumeyn ah waxaana laga mamnuucay isticmaalka "waraaqaha qarsoodiga ah, kartoonada iyo waxyaabaha kale ee qoraalka ah" iyo "nooc kasta oo jinsi, qowmiyad ama diin ah, ama haddii kale. "
Jacaylka aan ku habboonayn goobta shaqada
Noocyada qaarkood, faallooyinka, iyo kaftanka marnaba kuma habboona goobta shaqada waana inaan lagu dhiirigelin ama dulqaadin. Mowduucyo badan ayaa sharci ahaan loo xilsaaray sida "xadka xadidan" ee goobta shaqada, shaqaalahaaga waa in laga mamnuuco maqaalladaha iyo sameynta faallooyin ama tixraacyo ku saabsan:
- Jihada galmada ama ficilada
- Diinta ama siyaasadaha dhaqanka ama caqiidooyinka
- Jinsiyada ama qowmiyadda
- Aqoonsiga bulshada, jinsiga, ama da'da la xiriirta da'da
- Muuqaalka muuqaalka iyo sifooyinka
- Arrimaha miisaanka la xiriira
- Dadka naafada ah, ama dadka leh nooc kasta oo awood yar ah
- Mawduuc kale oo diirada saaraya shakhsiyaadka ama koox ahaan inay noqdaan kuwo ka xun
Sida laga soo xigtay macallin iyo cilmi-nafsi, Dr. Joni Johnston, ma aha dhammaan dabeecadda oo la siman yahay. Johnston ayaa aaminsan, "Cilmi baaris ayaa muujisay in ay jirto farqi u dhaxeeya faa'iidooyinka caafimaadka ee qosolka wanaagsan iyo xunba. Jilid aan fiicnayn, tusaale ahaan, qosolka oo ah mid gaar ah ama weerar ah, ma laha saameyn nafsi ah oo isku mid ah jirka iyo maskaxda. Sida muuqata, jirkeena waa mid xasaasi ah sida dareenka; dhakhtarka ayaa ka jawaaba dhibaatada sida haddii jirkeena lagu weeraray. "
Ujeedada in la sameeyo xaddidaad xaddidan oo ku saabsan jilidda goobta shaqada waa in aysan aheyn in la tirtiro dhammaan xiisaha shaqada, ama faragelinta xiriirka dadka dhexdiisa.
Laakiin dejinta xuduudaha ku habboon si loo kobciyo jawi shaqo oo caafimaad leh, oo ka madax bannaan cadaawada iyo soo dhaweynta sharci, ayaa ka caawin doonta qof walba inuu ku farxo.
Ilaha: Eugene Volokh. "Muxuu Muxuu Heli Karaa" Deegaanka Shaqada Dagaalka "Sharciga Dhibaataynta Sharciga?" 85 Geo. LJ 627 1997. iyo Dr. Joni Johnston. "Casharrooyinka laga soo qaaday Booliska Sharuucda: Sida loo qiimeeyo heybada goobta shaqada". Abriil 3, 2008.